Many of the worlds most foodinsecure people depend on sorghum as their main food source. Moench is a crop indigenous to africa, where it appears to have been domesticated in ethiopia about 5 000 years ago. Few farmers have invested in improving the management of their sorghum or pearl millet crops. If rains are poor, sorghum or pearl millet assures at least a minimum quantity of food production necessary to avoid starvation. Nov 06, 20 sorghum surghum bicolor introduction sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses.
This statistic features the sorghum production in the united states from marketing year 20112012 to 20182019, measured in thousand metric tons. Sustainable intensification of sorghum and pearl millet. Millets can be stored for a long period without substantial quality changes if the kernels remain intact. Sorghum is a major crop in africa, india, portions of china, the southern and central great plains of the united states, australia, argentina. They are very diverse in terms of grain structure and chemical composition. This fouryear study based on two experiments assessed different lowcost methods for intensification of sorghum and millet production under contrasting rainfall conditions in mali.
Figures 3, 4 and 5 show an output of top ten world and. These crops are nutritious and hardy, and offer farmers food security as well as income if sold as a cash crop. For thousands of years, millet farms have been growing a range of millets such as sorghum, pearl millet, foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, proso millet, barnyard millet alongside pulses red gram, cowpea, beans, green gram, black gram, lentils and oilseeds sesame, niger. World is facing agrarian as well as nutritional challenges. Sorghum production united states 20182019 statista. It is now widely cultivated in dry areas of africa, asia, the americas, europe and australia between latitudes of. Among these countries, the top 10 sorghum producers are the united states, abstract sorghum sorghum bicolor l. Commercialization prospects for sorghum and pearl millet. Historically, they have been cultivated in africa and eurasia to produce traditional products like porridges, flatbreads, beers and nonalcoholic beverages at smallscale. The increases occurred at a time when prices typically begin to decrease as harvested crops start to arrive in markets. As rainfall levels decline and become more variable, the proportion of sorghum or pearl millet in the. Another major cereal, maize, has overtaken these traditional cereals while wheat is widely cultivated in north africa and in sudan and ethiopia. Sorghum has a potential to emerge as one of the two big crops in the tropics that supply biofuel such as ethanol, the demand for which far exceeds the supply on the world market. Bottlenecks to increased production of sorghum and millet include.
Barnyard millet, crop management, drought stress, finger millet, foxtail millet, genetic resources, growth and development, kodo millet, proso millet, sorghum. Sorghum and millet are most commonly grown on low fertility soils and sloped terrain, and in droughtprone climates in part because they are more tolerant of poor. World sorghum production by area, yield per hectare and tonnage per region. Kansas state universityhays agricultural research center.
They are the only ones listed in the annual fao agricultural production yearbook 1994. Understanding how the sorghum plant grows and develops will. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. In these countries dwarf hybrid varieties are grown and harvested mechanically, predominantly for livestock feed. It provides extensive information on the nutritional value, chemical composition, storage and processing of these foods. Arendt, emanuele zannini, in cereal grains for the food and beverage industries, 20. Globally, over half of all sorghum is used for human consumption. Morphology, physical, chemical and functional properties. Sorghum and millet the fao estimates that 55 percent of the worlds arid and semiarid drylands with rainfed farming potential are located in subsaharan africa and south asia, particularly india, and these areas also are characterized by populations with the lowest nutrition levels and highest population growth rates. It was originally cultivated in egypt in antiquity. Rainfed millet and sorghum are still the dominant cereal crops figs.
Certainly, broadleaf weed control may be needed at earlier or later times. Africa is the center of origin and also a major producer of several cereals like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, teff and african rice. At least 150 insect species are known to feed on millet, and a new profile in the openaccess journal of integrated pest management highlights the biology and management options for several of the most significant ones. Sorghum and millet being drought tolerant have a strong adaptive advantage and lower risk. Species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of all continents especially the steppes and savannah africa with its origin in northern africa. Sorghum production sorghum utilization millet production millet utilization regional trends in production and utilization of sorghum and millets. Current average yields of sorghum and millet average about 1 tonne and 0. New feed grain crop millet production, consumption, exports, and imports statistics major world crop areas and climatic profiles millet production sorghum and millets in human nutrition pearl millet forage production in north dakota biotechnology, breeding and seed systems for. Sorghum and millet are either grown as sole crops or intercropped. The study aims at forecasting the sorghum production in sudan.
Millets area and production in africa relative to other regions of the world, 199294. Millet and sorghum showed signs of resistance to the maize disease and could also be ground into flour for ugali quickly. Modified from 1 production of millets is still at subsistence level by smallholders 0. Review novel food and nonfood uses for sorghum and millets. Foundations for farming is conducting free training on pfumvudza every tuesday at rest haven from 8am to 12pm until the end of november pfumvudza foundations for farming by darryl edwards tel. The production of sorghum in south africa varies from 100 000 ton 00 ha to 180 000 ton 150 000 ha per annum. In india, millets are grown on about 17 million ha with annual production of 18 million tonnes and contribute 10 percent to the countrys food grain basket. Grain sorghum acreage expanded in most of the traditional grain sorghum producing counties in 2002. World sorghum production during 2009 was about 59 million tonne of grain from 40 million ha with an average productivity of 1. During the same period, the hectarage of both sorghum and millet decreased in asia by amounts similar to the increase in africa as indicated by the percentages in table ii.
The major areas of sorghum production are listed in table 1 fao, 1995. Limited extension of maize and steady dominance of millet and sorghum. According to fao statistics 2, the world production of millets was 26. Review of the african millet diversity food and agriculture. Agricultureenvironment series sorghummillet systems ata. The crop can however withstand drier conditions and still remain green at relatively low moisture levels. Francis counties saw their grain sorghum acreage increase between 72 and 177 percent as compared to the 2001 season. The sadcicrisat sorghum and millet improvement program. In terms of tonnage, sorghum is africas second most important cereal. It has about 30 species of which sorghum bicolor is the most widely grown because of continue reading.
It is essential that producers know the crop they are cultivating in order to develop the most effective production practices. It is a major crop for many poor farmers, especially in africa, central america, and south asia. Vigna unguiculata and pearl millet pennisetum glaucum. Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Assessment of pearl millet production problems in west. Sorghum a potential crop to adapt to future climate. United states agriculture world agricultural production. Recent studies suggest that the production of major commodities has declined since 1980 due to global warming lobell et al. According to surveys conducted in 1992, less than 15% of sorghum growers and 5% of pearl millet table 2. Apr 27, 2018 world is facing agrarian as well as nutritional challenges. Sorghum, like many grains, has a diversity of uses, including human consumption and animal feed. Background on the development of the global strategy for. Sorghum production greenlife crop protection africa.
Nutritional and health benefits of millets f 1 millets are a traditional staple food of the dry land regions of the world. Its crop portfolio is quite diversified, including cereals such as sorghum, millet, wheat, rice and maize, oilseeds. The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where this hardy crop provides better household food security than maize. In developing countries the commercial processing of these locally grown grains into valueadded food and beverage products is an important driver for economic development taylor. Moench is a droughtresilient crop, grown extensively in semiarid tropics of the. Maize is grown closer to the equator than sorghum and millet, and millet is grown furthest from the equator. Sorghum is used for human nutrition all over the world 2, 6, 7, 10. The international crop research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat estimates that more than 90 million people in africa and asia depend on millets in their diets, and 500 million people in more than 30 countries depend on sorghums as a staple food.
However, quality rapidly deteriorates after millet is ground into flour varrianomarston and hoseney, 1983 as hydrolytic and oxidative. Staggenborg department of agronomy, kansas state university, manhattan, ks 66506, usa keywords. Table 1 summarizes the key environmental constraints and environmental impacts associated with sorghum and millet in ssa and in sa. Sorghum and millet are strategic crops for food security in much of the sahel.
Millet and sorghum take center stage on farmers plates one. Further, sweet sorghum has emerged as a supplementary crop to sugarcane in dry land pockets for the production of ethanol. Global agriculture is facing the probable impact of global warming. Sorghum is one of the top cereal crops in the world, along with wheat, oats, corn, rice, and barley. Therefore they find sorghum production from hybrid seed expensive, even though the yields are higher. Annual world production of the two together exceeds 100 million tons, of which 60 million is certainly sorghum. Jan 25, 2017 the new sorghum bioenergy belt will span east texas, the mississippi valley, the gulf coast, and the southern atlantic coast. The country is the thirdlargest world producer after the united states and india. Agricultural lands with irrigation facilities have been exploited to maximum, and hence we need to focus on dry lands to further increase grain production. Tanzania august 20, 2018 market fundamentals summary. Optimizing yield of improved varieties of millet and. Sorghum and millet have considerable further potential to be used as a human food and beverage source.
Barley,theothermajorgrainproduced,ismoretolerantofcoldclimates, andisthusmostlyproducedinnortherneuropeandnorthernpartsoftheu. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae, which includes about 25 species. The national total production of sorghum and millet in 201920 is estimated at 5. Sorghum, apart from being a subsistence crop, is an important commercial and export crop for the united states of america, australia, and argentina. It is the only viable food grain for many of the worlds most food insecure people. Consumer prices expressed per kg for cowpea ranged 1. Sudan is the fifth country after china, india, usa and nigeria in sorghum production worldwide. As of the year 2007, sorghum prices are provided by the technicians of the viceministry of production division, ministry of agriculture. The total area planted to cereals increased by 29% in africa from 19781981 to 19921994, and 82% of that increase was c 4 cereals, mostly sorghum and millet fao, 1994. Sorghum could contribute more to food supplies than at present, especially to those regions and peoples in greatest need.
Moench, is the worlds fifth leading cereal, after wheat, corn, rice, and barley, and the leading cereal grain in the rainfed areas of the semiarid tropics and subtropics. Sorghum production area million ha 198991 1993 1994 1995 world 43. Sorghum is the most important crop and livestock feed. Kansas state university 148 waters hall manhattan, ks 66506. Sorghum and the millets are tropical cereal grains. Rainfallan annual rainfall of 400650mm is adequate for optimal production of sorghum.
Root system the roots o f the sorghum plant can be divided into a primary and secondary root system. If rains are favorable, maize offers higher yields. Production levels in south africa the sorghum farming community in south africa can conveniently be divided into the smallholder and commercial farmers owing to the di fferences. Nigerias sorghum production also accounted for 35% of the african production in 2007. Country profile uganda food and agriculture organization. Storage traditional processing methods industrial processing.
Building sustainable livelihoods through on farm conservation. Farmer groups respectively, 25 sses and 114 sses were formed or strengthened and trained. Millet and sorghum jj maize millet and sorghum i other association with maize jlz cotton other crops in % of land cropped per region figure 5. According to the famine early warning systems network fews net atypical price increases for sorghum and millet were observed in sudan in november. However, these figures do not do justice to the importance of sorghum in africa. The publication is broad in scope and coverage, starting with the history and nature of sorghum and millets and dealing with production, utilization and consumption. The current status of cereals maize, rice and sorghum. Production trends and current farming practices are discussed. Sorghum is called millet in many parts of asia and africa, and broomcorn is called broom millet in australia. Millet production is on the rise, and so are the pests.
Cropping system changes in the savanna zone of western africa % of cropland in the region on which the considered crop is grown. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao conducted two projects in cameroon on strengthening rice, and sorghum, maize and millet seed production by smallholder seed enterprises sses. Millet is a staple crop in africa and asia and increasingly common elsewhere, as demand for wholegrain products continues to rise. Atypical increase in sudans sorghum and millet prices. Optimizing yield of improved varieties of millet and sorghum. Millets as climate change compliant crops score highly over other grains. Production of spinach and lettuce is in bundles instead of mt. Assessment of pearl millet production problems in west africa and molecular diversity analysis of pearl millet parental lines lead institution. The amount produced is not known for certain because sorghum s production statistics at least in some countries are lumped together with millet s. Sorghum is the largest crop in sudan, where sudan is one of the most important countries producing sorghum in the world.
Location of sorghum and millet production basins in west africa. Like sorghum, finger millet is highly variable in colour, from brown through red to white, due to anthocyanin pigments and also like sorghum some varieties contain tannins in the testa layer. The free state and mpumalanga provinces are the largest contributors to the area planted to sorghum and sorghum production. The finger millet strategy was initiated in december, 2009 and discussions took place. Sorghum is mainly cultivated in drier areas, especially on shallow and heavy clay soils. Annual sorghum and pearl millet harvests 000 t in tanzanias main production regions 1, average, 199495 to 199697. For both millet and sorghum, planting dates were 23, 1112 and 34 july in 2012, 20 and 2014, respectively.
Sorghum and millet prices abnormally increased by 10 to 40 per cent between october and november 2017. Production mmta international trademmt percentgrain entering internationaltrade maize 160 825 94 11. Sorghum and cotton are the two dominant summer crops in eastern australia. Sorghum and pearl millet are the most important stable crops in the drylands of west africa. The mentioned counties are also the largest producing ones, with phillips ranking. Tef eragrostis tef is a c 4 grain crop grown mostly in ethiopia, where it is. Baker, extension agronomist the term millet is applied to various grass crops whose seeds are harvested for human food or animal feed. The continent produces about 20 million tonnes of sorghum per annum, about onethird of the world crop. Sorghum and pearl millet production, trade, and consumption.
However, 90% of sorghum produced by the united states and india is destined for animal feed, making nigeria the worldleading country for food grain sorghum production. Millet production is generally limited to fields with low soil fertility and poor rainfall conditions. Three cropsmaize, sorghum, and pearl millet account for about 95% of the c 4 cereal production in the world table i. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Sorghum and millet being drought tolerant have a strong adaptive advantage and lower risk of failure than other cereals in such environments. The world total production of millet grains at last count was 762712 metric tons and the top producer was india with an annual production of 334500 tons 43. Sorghum and millets in human nutrition food and agriculture. Cereals like sorghum, millets, wheat, maize and rice are. Pdf nutritional and health benefits of sorghum and millets. Owing to low fertility, utilization of dry lands to produce sufficient quality grains is a big challenge. The 3030 project has a focus on increasing production and utilisation of homegrown feed, so the potential and some management aspects of millet and sorghum were evaluated in different. Soil although sorghum can produce reasonably on infertile soils, for best results, the crop requires a fairly fertile soil which is well drained.
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